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Banking in Colombia Potential Whitespaces Qualification

Whitespaces Qualification

Here's a qualified list of whitespaces in the Colombian banking sector, with detailed signals, value chain impact, ranking, assumptions, and risks.

1. Whitespace: Proactive & Empathetic Debt Management Solutions * Description: AI-powered, app-first platforms offering personalized debt restructuring, flexible repayment plans (e.g., income-linked), and integrated financial wellness tools to help stressed borrowers navigate financial difficulties proactively and with dignity. * Demand Side Signals: * Rising delinquency rates: Consumer loan NPLs (+27% YoY), SME, and microcredit portfolios showing significant stress (Banco de la República, 2025b; Forbes Colombia, 2024). * Increased debt burden: Reports indicate many Colombians are "drowning in debt" (Infobae, 2024). * Risk-conscious borrowing behavior due to credit stress (Consumption Trends #4). * Customers perceive stigma and lack of guidance in current renegotiation processes (Current Pains #1 - Unmet Needs). * Offer Side Signals: * Banks bolstering provisions and tightening underwriting, indicating awareness of debt stress (Forbes Colombia, 2024; Banco de la República, 2025b). * Potential for AI-driven early warning systems and pre-emptive renegotiation engines (Niche and Emerging Markets Analysis - Offer Side Opportunities). * Emergence of financial wellness tools and debt advisory services globally (though nascent in Colombia for this specific application). * Affected Steps of the Value Chain & Disruptiveness: * Colocación (Lending/Credit Granting): Highly disruptive. Directly impacts loan portfolio management, collections, and risk mitigation. Shifts from reactive collections to proactive, tech-enabled debt management and restructuring. * Servicios Financieros Especializados: Moderately disruptive. Introduces new advisory services (debt management, financial wellness) and potentially new fee-based income streams. * Ranking (Strength of Market Signals): 1 (Highest) * Key Assumptions & Risks: * Assumptions: * Customers are willing to engage with digital platforms for sensitive financial matters like debt restructuring. * AI models can accurately predict delinquency and personalize restructuring plans effectively. * Regulatory frameworks will support innovative, flexible repayment solutions. * Data privacy and security can be robustly maintained. * Risks: * Regulatory Hurdles: Existing regulations might be too rigid for truly flexible or AI-driven restructuring plans. * Moral Hazard: If restructuring is too lenient or accessible, it might incentivize strategic defaults. * Implementation Complexity: Integrating AI, ensuring seamless app functionality, and retraining staff for empathetic engagement is challenging. * Data Quality & Bias: AI models depend on high-quality, unbiased data; otherwise, outcomes could be discriminatory or ineffective. * Adoption Barriers: Customers, especially those less digitally savvy or distrustful, might resist app-first solutions for debt issues. * Challenges and Barriers: * Developing sophisticated AI models for accurate risk assessment and personalized solutions. * Ensuring regulatory compliance for innovative debt restructuring products. * Overcoming customer inertia or stigma associated with seeking debt help. * Integrating new platforms with legacy banking systems. * Potential Solutions and Innovations: * Gamified financial education modules integrated into the platform to improve financial literacy. * Partnerships with credit counseling agencies or mental health services to provide holistic support. * Transparent AI decision-making processes to build trust.

2. Whitespace: Hyper-Inclusive Digital Onboarding & Micro-Finance * Description: Simplified, alternative data-driven (e.g., utility bills, mobile top-ups) remote onboarding processes that cater to individuals with thin credit files or lacking traditional identification, coupled with accessible nano-credit and nano-savings products that include gamified financial literacy modules. * Demand Side Signals: * Persistent financial inclusion gap: ~40% of adults unbanked or underbanked (Foro Económico Mundial, 2024; Current Pains #2). * Specific exclusion of rural populations, informal workers, migrants, and women micro-entrepreneurs (Current Pains #2 - Who is affected?). * Government, industry, and NGO programs using digital wallets for inclusion indicate demand for low-friction access (Consumption Trends #3; Credicorp, 2024; Accion, 2025). * e-KYC solutions still reliant on urban-centric databases; physical presence often required (Current Pains #2 - Current gap). * Offer Side Signals: * Proliferation of SEDPEs and Fintechs targeting underserved segments with simplified accounts (Value Chain Report; Ongoing Changes Signals #2). * Successful examples like Daviplata demonstrate the potential of mobile-first, low-barrier entry (Foro Económico Mundial, 2024). * Exploration of alternative data (utility payments, mobile top-ups) for credit scoring and KYC (Niche and Emerging Markets Analysis - Offer Side Opportunities). * Regulatory discussions around adapting frameworks for digital inclusion and new entity types like SEDPEs (Ongoing Changes Signals #6). * Affected Steps of the Value Chain & Disruptiveness: * Captación (Funding/Deposit Taking): Highly disruptive. Opens up a vast new customer base for low-cost micro-deposits, challenging traditional branch-based onboarding. * Colocación (Lending/Credit Granting): Highly disruptive. Enables nano-lending to previously unserviceable segments through new risk assessment models. * Servicios Financieros Especializados: Moderately disruptive. Creates demand for basic, digitally delivered services like micro-insurance or remittances. * Ranking (Strength of Market Signals): 2 * Key Assumptions & Risks: * Assumptions: * Alternative data sources are reliable and predictive for KYC and credit risk assessment in the Colombian context. * Target segments have sufficient mobile access and basic digital literacy to use these services. * The unit economics of nano-products can be profitable at scale. * Regulatory approval for alternative KYC and credit scoring methods will be forthcoming. * Risks: * Fraud & AML/CFT: Simplified onboarding might be exploited for illicit activities if security measures are not robust. * Digital Divide: Even with mobile focus, connectivity and literacy gaps can limit reach in very remote or vulnerable populations. * Profitability Challenges: Low transaction values for nano-products require extremely high volumes and low operational costs. * Over-Indebtedness: If not managed responsibly, nano-credit could lead to debt traps for vulnerable populations. * Regulatory Uncertainty: Evolving regulations for Fintech and alternative data may create compliance challenges. * Challenges and Barriers: * Building reliable alternative data scoring models. * Ensuring robust fraud prevention with simplified onboarding. * Developing sustainable business models for low-value, high-volume products. * Providing adequate financial literacy support to new users. * Potential Solutions and Innovations: * Partnerships with community organizations or agent networks to provide on-the-ground support and build trust. * Use of AI for behavioral biometrics to enhance security during onboarding. * "Credit-builder" loans that gradually increase limits based on repayment behavior.

3. Whitespace: Agile & Affordable SME/Micro-Enterprise Financing * Description: Digital-first platforms offering innovative financing solutions for SMEs and micro-enterprises, such as supply-chain financing leveraging anchor-corporate data, lending against digital warehouse receipts or movable assets, invoice discounting, and blended finance schemes incorporating state guarantees to de-risk productive and green investments. * Demand Side Signals: * High borrowing costs and limited access to longer-tenor funding for SMEs and microenterprises (Current Pains #4). * SMEs constitute a significant portion of the credit stock (46%), indicating a large existing market with unmet needs (Value Chain Report; Banco de la República, 2024). * Collateral requirements often exclude asset-light businesses (Current Pains #4 - Current gap). * Slow appraisal times (2-6 weeks) hinder agility (Current Pains #4 - Current gap). * Anticipation of cheaper credit as interest rates fall, which could unlock pent-up demand (Consumption Trends #5; BBVA Research, 2025). * Offer Side Signals: * Emergence of supply-chain financing platforms and digital collateral registries globally, with potential for local adaptation (Niche and Emerging Markets Analysis - Offer Side Opportunities). * Government initiatives to promote credit access, including potential for blended finance schemes (Minhacienda, 2024). * Fintechs globally are innovating in SME lending using alternative data and faster underwriting processes. * Affected Steps of the Value Chain & Disruptiveness: * Colocación (Lending/Credit Granting): Highly disruptive. Introduces new lending products, collateral types, and significantly faster, data-driven underwriting processes specifically for businesses. * Servicios Financieros Especializados: Moderately disruptive. Creates opportunities for specialized advisory on these new financing types, and potentially new platforms for invoice trading or asset registration. * Ranking (Strength of Market Signals): 3 * Key Assumptions & Risks: * Assumptions: * SMEs and micro-enterprises are willing to adopt digital platforms for financing and share operational data. * Digital collateral registries can be effectively and securely implemented and are legally recognized. * Data from anchor corporates in supply chains is accessible and reliable for risk assessment. * Blended finance models can attract sufficient private capital alongside public guarantees. * Risks: * Operational Risks: Managing digital platforms for complex financing (e.g., warehouse receipts) requires specialized operational capabilities. * Credit Risk Misjudgment: New lending models based on alternative collateral or supply chain data may have unforeseen credit risks. * Legal & Regulatory Framework: Ensuring legal enforceability of digital collateral and new financing structures. * Scalability Challenges: Reaching a large number of fragmented SMEs and micro-enterprises with tailored solutions can be difficult. * Economic Sensitivity: SME performance is highly sensitive to economic downturns, impacting portfolio quality. * Challenges and Barriers: * Developing robust digital platforms for alternative lending. * Educating SMEs about new financing options and digital processes. * Establishing partnerships with anchor corporates for supply chain finance. * Navigating legal frameworks for digital collateral. * Potential Solutions and Innovations: * Integration with accounting software used by SMEs to streamline data sharing and loan applications. * Use of blockchain for transparent and secure tracking of warehouse receipts or invoices. * Sector-specific financing solutions tailored to the needs of key industries in Colombia.

4. Whitespace: Unified & Personalized Omnichannel Banking * Description: Integrated platforms providing consistent, context-aware customer experiences across all banking channels (branch, web, mobile, social media, call centers). This involves leveraging Unified Customer Data Platforms (CDPs) and AI to deliver hyper-personalized offers and seamless transitions, including human-assisted video banking for complex needs. * Demand Side Signals: * Fragmented customer journeys and inconsistent service quality identified as major pain points (Current Pains #3). * "Service re-engineering" declared top 2025 priority by the sector, signaling customer demand (Latinpyme, 2025). * Consumers expect Netflix-like relevance and hyper-personalization in financial offers (Consumption Trends #6; Ciklum, 2024). * Digital-first banking is mainstream, increasing the importance of high-quality digital interactions (Consumption Trends #1). * Offer Side Signals: * Banks signaling intent to invest in UI/UX, data analytics for personalization, and channel integration (Ongoing Changes Signals #3). * Availability of Customer Data Platform (CDP) technology and AI for personalization (Niche and Emerging Markets Analysis - Offer Side Opportunities). * Global trend towards omnichannel strategies in customer service industries. * Affected Steps of the Value Chain & Disruptiveness: * Captación (Funding/Deposit Taking): Moderately disruptive. Enhances customer acquisition and retention through better experience and personalized product recommendations. * Colocación (Lending/Credit Granting): Moderately disruptive. Streamlines application processes and allows for personalized loan offers. * Servicios Financieros Especializados: Moderately disruptive. Improves delivery and cross-selling of specialized services through consistent, personalized interactions. * Internal Operations/IT: Highly disruptive. Requires significant changes to data architecture, system integration, and potentially organizational silos. * Ranking (Strength of Market Signals): 4 * Key Assumptions & Risks: * Assumptions: * Customers value a seamless omnichannel experience and personalization significantly enough to switch providers or increase engagement. * Banks can overcome internal silos to create truly unified customer data and service processes. * The investment in CDPs, AI, and channel integration will yield a positive ROI through increased loyalty and sales. * Data privacy regulations can be managed effectively while leveraging customer data for personalization. * Risks: * Implementation Complexity & Cost: Integrating disparate systems and data sources is a massive undertaking. * Data Governance & Privacy: Handling vast amounts of customer data for personalization raises significant privacy and security concerns. * Change Management: Requires significant cultural and process changes within the bank. * Measuring ROI: Quantifying the direct impact of improved omnichannel experience on profitability can be difficult. * Technology Obsolescence: Rapid changes in customer experience technology require continuous investment. * Challenges and Barriers: * Breaking down internal data and departmental silos. * Ensuring data quality and consistency across all channels. * Training staff to deliver a consistent, personalized service. * Managing customer consent for data usage effectively. * Potential Solutions and Innovations: * Phased implementation, starting with key customer journeys. * Use of AI-powered chatbots with seamless handover to human agents (including video) for complex queries. * Customer journey mapping to identify and prioritize pain points for omnichannel improvement.

5. Whitespace: Trust-Centric Digital Banking for Vulnerable Users * Description: Secure, user-friendly digital banking applications designed with low-bandwidth modes, intuitive interfaces (potentially USSD), and robust biometric authentication. These would feature prominent 24/7 in-app dispute resolution, proactive contextual anti-fraud education and alerts, and partnerships (e.g., with telcos) for zero-rating critical banking data traffic. * Demand Side Signals: * Cybersecurity concerns and fear of fraud are significant barriers to digital adoption, especially for new or less digitally savvy users (Current Pains #5; Consumption Trends #8). * Uneven digital access and literacy; some segments face poor connectivity or limited digital skills (Current Pains #5; Deloitte Colombia, n.d.). * New and first-time users require education to navigate digital finance safely (UNSGSA, 2024). * Customers feel unsupported post-fraud (Current Pains #5 - Current gap). * Offer Side Signals: * Banks are investing in biometric authentication and fraud detection, but gaps in user support and education persist (Consumption Trends #8). * Potential for low-bandwidth app modes, USSD interfaces, and partnerships with telcos (Niche and Emerging Markets Analysis - Offer Side Opportunities). * Focus by regulators and international bodies on consumer protection in digital finance. * Affected Steps of the Value Chain & Disruptiveness: * Captación (Funding/Deposit Taking): Moderately disruptive. Enhances trust and adoption among hesitant user segments, potentially increasing digital deposit intake. * Servicios Financieros Especializados (primarily Payments): Moderately disruptive. Makes digital payments more accessible and secure for vulnerable users. * Customer Service/Support: Highly disruptive. Requires a shift towards more proactive, accessible, and educational support for digital channels. * Ranking (Strength of Market Signals): 5 * Key Assumptions & Risks: * Assumptions: * Enhanced security features and user education can significantly overcome trust barriers for vulnerable users. * Low-bandwidth solutions (like USSD or lite apps) can provide a sufficiently good user experience. * Telco partnerships for zero-rating data are feasible and economically viable. * Vulnerable users are willing to adopt biometric authentication. * Risks: * Balancing Security & Usability: Highly secure systems can sometimes be complex to use, deterring target users. * Cost of Support: Providing intensive 24/7 support and education for vulnerable users can be costly. * Effectiveness of Education: Financial and digital literacy programs may have limited impact if not well-designed and sustained. * Exclusion by Technology: Reliance on biometrics might exclude individuals unable to use such systems. * Maintaining Trust: Any security breach or major fraud incident can severely damage trust, especially among this segment. * Challenges and Barriers: * Designing truly intuitive and low-bandwidth interfaces. * Developing effective and scalable financial and digital literacy programs. * Establishing and maintaining partnerships with telcos. * Providing accessible and empathetic customer support for fraud incidents. * Potential Solutions and Innovations: * Voice-assisted navigation within apps for users with literacy challenges. * Community-based digital literacy workshops. * Simplified, visual guides for fraud prevention and app usage. * Proactive fraud alerts based on unusual activity with clear, simple instructions.

6. Whitespace: Innovative Real-Time Payment Solutions & Services * Description: New financial products and services built leveraging the capabilities of Colombia's upcoming Bre-B instant payment system. This includes real-time cash management solutions for businesses, innovative P2P and P2M offerings for retail customers, and liquidity management tools focusing on instant settlement. * Demand Side Signals: * Launch of Bre-B in May 2025 will create expectations for 24/7, sub-10-second transfers (Consumption Trends #2; Banco de la República, 2025a). * Customers will expect immediate credit of incoming funds (Consumption Trends #2). * Businesses will need to adapt cash management and settlement processes (Consumption Trends #2). * Offer Side Signals: * Central bank promotion of Bre-B for financial inclusion and fintech development (Banco de la República, 2025a). * Opportunity to develop new cash management products for businesses and real-time liquidity tools (Niche and Emerging Markets Analysis - Offer Side Opportunities). * Potential to integrate instant payments into retail P2P and P2M solutions. * Affected Steps of the Value Chain & Disruptiveness: * Servicios Financieros Especializados (Payments, Cash Management): Highly disruptive. Fundamentally changes the speed and nature of payment processing and associated services. * Gestión de Tesorería: Moderately disruptive. Requires banks and their corporate clients to adapt intraday liquidity management. * Captación (Funding/Deposit Taking): Indirectly affected by changing float dynamics. * Ranking (Strength of Market Signals): 6 * Key Assumptions & Risks: * Assumptions: * Bre-B will be widely adopted by financial institutions and users upon launch. * There is a strong demand from businesses and retail customers for services built on real-time payments. * Banks can quickly develop and deploy new products and services leveraging Bre-B. * The underlying infrastructure (both Bre-B's and banks') will be robust and secure enough for high-volume real-time transactions. * Risks: * Operational Risks: Ensuring 24/7 uptime and instant processing for high volumes is operationally challenging. * Fraud Risks: Real-time payments mean less time to detect and stop fraudulent transactions. * Interoperability Issues: Initial technical or operational glitches in Bre-B or between participating institutions. * Monetization Challenges: Determining profitable business models for services built on a potentially low-cost instant payment rail. * Competition: Fintechs may be quicker to innovate and offer compelling real-time payment solutions. * Challenges and Barriers: * Upgrading legacy systems to handle real-time processing. * Developing new fraud prevention mechanisms tailored for instant payments. * Educating customers (especially businesses) on the benefits and implications of real-time cash management. * Ensuring seamless interoperability with all participants in the Bre-B ecosystem. * Potential Solutions and Innovations: * "Request to Pay" functionalities built on Bre-B. * Real-time treasury dashboards for businesses showing instant cash positions. * Value-added services like instant invoice reconciliation for B2B payments.

7. Whitespace: Value-Added Digital Payment Ecosystems * Description: Comprehensive digital payment solutions for merchants and consumers that extend beyond basic transaction processing. This involves offering integrated loyalty programs, business analytics derived from payment data, and embedded financial services within e-commerce and wallet platforms. * Demand Side Signals: * Shift to cashless payments and e-commerce growth (Consumption Trends #7; PYMNTS, 2025). * Merchants require more than just payment acceptance; they need tools to understand and engage customers. * Consumers are increasingly using digital wallets and expect integrated experiences. * Offer Side Signals: * Banks and fintechs competing for interchange, acquiring fees, and data from cashless transactions (Consumption Trends #7). * Potential for advanced merchant acquiring solutions with integrated analytics and loyalty programs (Niche and Emerging Markets Analysis - Offer Side Opportunities). * Global trend of embedded finance and data monetization (anonymized). * Affected Steps of the Value Chain & Disruptiveness: * Servicios Financieros Especializados (Payments, Merchant Acquiring): Highly disruptive. Moves beyond basic transaction processing to providing integrated business solutions and new revenue streams from data and value-added services. * Captación (Funding/Deposit Taking): Moderately disruptive. Float from wallets and merchant acquiring becomes a more significant funding source. * Ranking (Strength of Market Signals): 7 * Key Assumptions & Risks: * Assumptions: * Merchants are willing to pay for value-added services beyond basic payment processing. * Consumers will adopt and engage with integrated loyalty programs and embedded financial services. * Payment data can be effectively (and ethically) anonymized and leveraged for analytics and new services. * Partnerships with e-commerce platforms and wallets are feasible and mutually beneficial. * Risks: * Data Privacy & Security: Handling and analyzing large volumes of payment data raises significant concerns. * Competition: Intense competition from Fintechs, payment gateways, and Big Tech in the value-added payments space. * Complexity of Integration: Integrating loyalty, analytics, and embedded finance into a seamless offering is technically challenging. * Merchant Adoption: Small merchants may be hesitant to adopt more complex or costly solutions. * Regulatory Scrutiny: Data monetization and embedded finance are areas of increasing regulatory interest. * Challenges and Barriers: * Developing sophisticated data analytics capabilities. * Ensuring compliance with data privacy regulations (e.g., GDPR-like principles). * Building attractive loyalty programs that provide real value. * Forging successful partnerships with e-commerce players and other third parties. * Potential Solutions and Innovations: * Self-service analytics dashboards for merchants. * "Banking-as-a-Service" offerings that allow non-financial companies to embed payment and financial products. * Personalized offers to consumers based on spending patterns (with explicit consent).

8. Whitespace: Mainstream Sustainable Finance Products & Advisory * Description: Accessible and clearly marketed green loan products for individuals and businesses, a wider array of ESG-focused investment funds and green bonds for retail and institutional investors, and practical advisory services to help companies transition to sustainable practices and navigate ESG reporting. * Demand Side Signals: * Growing corporate and consumer interest in sustainability. * Banks like Davivienda already growing sustainable loan portfolios, indicating market traction (Value Chain Report; Banco Davivienda S.A., 2025). * Increased global and local focus on ESG principles. * Offer Side Signals: * Banks signaling commitment to ESG principles (Ongoing Changes Signals #5). * Opportunity to develop specialized green loan products and ESG investment funds (Niche and Emerging Markets Analysis - Offer Side Opportunities). * Potential for advisory services on sustainable finance and ESG reporting. * Affected Steps of the Value Chain & Disruptiveness: * Colocación (Lending/Credit Granting): Moderately disruptive. Introduces new product categories (green loans) and ESG risk assessment into credit decisions. * Servicios Financieros Especializados (Investment Management, Advisory): Moderately disruptive. Expands investment offerings (ESG funds, green bonds) and creates new advisory niches. * Captación (Funding/Deposit Taking): Potentially affected if banks issue green bonds or offer green deposits to fund sustainable lending. * Ranking (Strength of Market Signals): 8 * Key Assumptions & Risks: * Assumptions: * There is sufficient genuine demand from borrowers and investors for sustainable finance products beyond niche segments. * Clear and standardized definitions and criteria for "green" and "sustainable" can be established and applied. * Banks can develop the necessary expertise to assess ESG risks and advise on sustainable transitions. * The financial returns of sustainable investments will be competitive. * Risks: * Greenwashing: Reputational damage if products are marketed as sustainable without genuine impact. * Lack of Standardization: Difficulty in defining and verifying sustainability criteria can lead to confusion and mis-selling. * Data Gaps: Insufficient ESG data from companies can hinder risk assessment and investment decisions. * Complexity of ESG Risk: Integrating complex and evolving ESG factors into traditional financial risk models is challenging. * Limited Supply: Insufficient supply of bankable green projects or ESG-compliant investment opportunities. * Challenges and Barriers: * Building internal expertise in ESG risk assessment and sustainable finance. * Developing clear and transparent criteria for green products. * Educating customers and investors about sustainable finance options. * Addressing potential data gaps for ESG reporting and analysis. * Potential Solutions and Innovations: * Partnerships with specialized ESG rating agencies or consultants. * Development of industry-specific green financing frameworks. * Offering incentives (e.g., slightly lower rates) for green loans. * Educational campaigns to raise awareness about sustainable finance.

References

  • Accion. (2025, April 15). Strengthening communities in rural Colombia through digital transformation. Retrieved from https://accion.org/latest/strengthening-communities-in-rural-colombia-through-digital-transformation
  • Banco de la República. (2024). Reporte de Estabilidad Financiera – Segundo semestre 2024. Retrieved from https://www.banrep.gov.co/es/reporte-estabilidad-financiera-segundo-semestre-2024
  • Banco de la República. (2025a). Bre-B will promote financial inclusion and the development of the fintech sector in Colombia. Retrieved from https://www.banrep.gov.co/en/bre-b-promote-financial-inclusion-development-fintech-sector-colombia
  • Banco de la República. (2025b, April 23). Riesgo de crédito - Informe especial de Estabilidad Financiera - Abril 2025. Retrieved from https://www.banrep.gov.co/es/riesgo-credito-informe-especial-estabilidad-financiera-abril-2025
  • Banco Davivienda S.A. (2025, February 20). fourth quarter 2024 results / 4q24. Retrieved from https://www.davivienda.com/file/contents/davivienda_fourth_quarter_2024_results.pdf
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  • Credicorp. (2024, August 19). For four consecutive years, Latin America has improved its level of financial inclusion. Retrieved from https://www.credicorp.com/en/press-releases/four-consecutive-years-latin-america-improved-level-financial-inclusion
  • Deloitte Colombia. (n.d.). Tendencias sector bancario experiencia del usuario completamente digital. Retrieved from https://www2.deloitte.com/co/es/pages/financial-services/articles/tendencias-sector-bancario-experiencia-usuario-completamente-digital.html
  • Forbes Colombia. (2024, June 11). En 2024 la banca sufre por morosos y menor solicitud de préstamos. Retrieved from https://forbes.co/2024/06/11/negocios/en-2024-la-banca-sufre-por-morosos-y-menor-solicitud-de-prestamos
  • Foro Económico Mundial. (2024, August 13). La estrategia digital de Colombia contribuye a la inclusión financiera. Retrieved from https://es.weforum.org/agenda/2024/08/estrategia-digital-colombia-inclusion-financiera/
  • Infobae. (2024, May 21). Los colombianos están ahogados en deudas, un informe indicó que aumentaron los morosos. Retrieved from https://www.infobae.com/colombia/2024/05/21/los-colombianos-estan-ahogados-en-deudas-un-informe-indico-que-aumentaron-los-morosos/
  • Latinpyme. (2025, February 4). Reingeniería del Servicio al Cliente: El Reto Top para el Sector Bancario en 2025. Retrieved from https://latipyme.com/reingenieria-del-servicio-al-cliente-el-reto-top-para-el-sector-bancario-en-2025/
  • Minhacienda. (2024, August 16). Gobierno promoverá colocación de un millón de operaciones de crédito para colombianos que no tienen acceso a financiación formal. Retrieved from https://www.minhacienda.gov.co/webcenter/portal/Prensa/Noticia?id=457
  • PYMNTS.com. (2025, May 06). Cashless wave sweeps Latin America amid mobile, FinTech boom. Retrieved from https://www.pymnts.com/cashless-payments/2025/cashless-wave-sweeps-latin-america-amid-mobile-fintech-boom/
  • UNSGSA. (2024, March 20). Queen Máxima visit supports a financially healthy future for Colombians. Retrieved from https://www.unsgsa.org/news/unsgsa-queen-maxima-visit-supports-financially-healthy-future-colombians